四、基本技能再回顧及應用 (以上各種干擾項的特征需牢記在心)　　要求：

　　2。寫出每一個題目里面的錯誤類型，。

　　Passage I.

　　In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn't any crime to worry about.

　　Amazingly, these happy times appear still to be with us in the world's biggest community. A new study by Dan Farmer, a gifted programmer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up homes without fitting locks to their doors.

　　But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far, events have proved him right. SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause new disorder.

　　So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your computer.

　　At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade weak sites and cause damage.

　　But let's look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the Internet is surely the world's biggest (almost) crime-free society. Maybe that is because hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn't much to steal. Or because vandalism ( 惡意破壞) isn't much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone.

　　Whatever the reason, let's enjoy it while we can. But expect it all to change, and security to become the number one issue, when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for.

　　21. By saying "... owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors" (Lines 3-4, Para. 2), the author means that _____.

　　A) those happy times appear still to be with us 干擾伎倆: 答非所問+偷換范圍

　　B) there simply wasn't any crime to worry about 照抄原句 直接排除

　　C) many sites are not well-protected

　　D) hackers try out tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in 偏離定位句子，偷梁換柱。

　　解除思路：答案推理需結合已通讀部分(第一、二段首句)和文章主線(網絡安全)。

　　對比喻的理解，找出本體和寓體，然后對照寓體的性質判斷本體的性質。千萬不能直接選擇字面意思！

　　22. SATAN, a program designed by Dan Farmer can be used ____________.

　　A) to investigate the security of Internet sites

　　B) to improve the security of the Internet system

　　C) to prevent hackers from breaking into websites

　　D) to download useful programs and information

　　對原文內容進行兩次定位，答案是對兩處信息的概括 investigative和... try out...

　　23. Farmer's program has been criticized by the public because .

　　A) it causes damage to Net browsers

　　B) it can break into Internet sites

　　C) it can be used to cause disorder on all sites

　　D) it can be used by people with evil intent

　　publicly 勉強算作一個定位提示，criticism 是關鍵。問題設置常見方式：同義替換。

　　24. The author's attitude toward SATAN is _____.

　　A) enthusiastic B) critical C) positive D) indifferent

　　重要提示：表現作者態度的句子的特征

　　1. 直接陳述式(主語是事、物)。

　　2.使用評述性的副詞在其他人的話里面。

　　3.他人的論述后面有連詞引出另外一種說法，見第一條。

　　4.其他人的說法后面的括號里的內容。

　　態度題常見選項

　　arbitrary, concerned, critical, sarcastic, ironical, indifferent, sympathetic, enthusiastic, cautious, neutral, objective, subjective, optimistic, pessimistic, positive, negative, etc.

　　只作干擾選項的有arbitrary,

　　25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that .

　　A) we should make full use of the Internet before security measures are strengthened

　　B) we should alert the most influential businessmen to the importance of security

　　C) influential businessmen should give priority to the improvement of Net security

　　D) net inhabitants should not let security measures affect their joy of surfing the Internet

　　把握兩個詞：問題里的suggest, 原文里的expect的理解，必須結合主題.

　　提示：建議題(advise, advice; suggest, suggestion 等)，結論題，答案通常要從文章最后一句往前推，同時必須結合最后一段首句主旨句。

　　Passage II.

　　Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毀滅性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything　possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging form recent studies of crying behavior,　links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears , both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.

　　......省略。

　　33."Counterproductive"(Para,1) very probably means"________".

　　A) having no effect at all

　　B) leading to tension

　　C) producing disastrous impact

　　D) harmful to health

　　注意！選項中程度極端的(如夸大后果的)，通常是錯誤選項。

　　34. What does the author say about crying?

　　A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.

　　B) It must have a role to play in man's survival.

　　C) It is meant to get attention and assistance.

　　D) It usually produces the desired effect.

　　開放性題目，如多項細節題，往往要多次快速定位。

　　Passage III.

　　As machines go, the car is not terribly noisy, nor terribly polluting, nor terribly dangerous; and on all those dimensions it has become better as the century has grown older. The main problem is its prevalence, and the social costs that ensue from the use by everyone of something that would be fairly harmless if, say, only the rich were to use it. It is a price we pay for equality.

　　Before becoming too gloomy, it is worth recalling why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years-and remains so. The story begins with the environmental improvement it brought in the 1900s. In New York city in 1900, according to the Car Culture, a 1975 book by J. Flink, a historian, horses deposited 2.5 million pounds of manure(糞)and 60,000 gallons of urine (尿) every day. Every year, the city authorities had to remove an average of 15,000 dead horses from the streets. It made cars smell of roses.

　　......省去三段。

　　26. As is given in the first paragraph, the reason why the car has become a problem is that　________. (定位后深入挖掘，難點為長句分析) 抓主干; 順藤摸瓜; 理清亂麻。

　　A) poor people can't afford it

　　B) it is too expensive to maintain

　　C) too many people are using it

　　D) it causes too many road accidents

　　27. According to the passage, the car started to gain popularity because ________. 段落歸納

　　A) it didn't break down as easily as a horse 無中生有，雖然符合邏輯常識，常識錯位

　　B) it had a comparatively pleasant odor 比喻用法的字面意思通常是干擾項

　　C) it caused less pollution than horses

　　D) it brightened up the gloomy streets 借用原文原詞考驗細心程度

　　Passage IV

　　Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.

　　Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.

　　Our linguistic (語言上的) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.

　　Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (多語言的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.

　　When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives - usually the richer - who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.

　　For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance.After all ,America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.

　　But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.

　　21.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably .

　　A) stand still B) jump aside C) step forward D) draw back

　　22.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their .

　　A) cultural self-centeredness 　 B) casual manners

　　C) indifference towards foreign visitors D) arrogance towards other cultures

　　23.In countries other than their own most Americans .

　　A) are isolated by the local people B) are not well informed due to the language barrier

　　C) tend to get along well with the natives D) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants

　　24.According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will .

　　A) affect their image in the new era B) cut themselves off from the outside world

　　C) limit their role in world affairs D) weaken the position of the US dollar

　　25.The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that .

　　A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends

　　B) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs

　　C) it is necessary to use several languages in public places

D) it is time to get acquainted with other cultures