Fried foods have long been frowned upon. Nevertheless, the skillet (長柄平底煎鍋) is about our handiest and most useful piece of kitchen equipment. Strong woodcutters and others engaged in active labor requiring 4,000calories per day or more will take approximately one-third of their rations prepared in this fashion. Meat, eggs, and French toast cooked in this way are served in millions of homes daily. Apparently the consumers are not beset with more signs of indigestion than afflicted by those who insist upon broiling, roasting, or boiling. Some years ago one of our most eminent physiologists investigated the digestibility of fried potatoes. He found that the pan variety was more easily broken down for assimilation than when deep fat was employed. The latter, however, dissolved within the alimentary tract ( 消化道 ) more readily than the boiled type. Furthermore, he learned, by watching the progress of the contents of the stomach by means of the fluoroscope (熒光檢查儀), that fat actually accelerated the rate of digestion. Now all this is quite in contrast with "authority". Volumes have been written on nutrition, and everywhere the dictum ( 權威意見) has been accepted--no fried edibles of any sort for children. A few will go so tar as to forbid this style of cooking wholly. Now and then an expert will be bold enough to admit that he uses them himself, the absence of discomfort being explained on the ground that he possesses a powerful gastric ( 胃的 )apparatus. We can of course sizzle perfectly good articles to death so that they will be leathery and tough. But thorough heating, in the presence of shortening, is not the awful crime that it has been labeled. Such dishes stimulate rather than retard contractions of the gall bladder. Thus it is that bile ( 膽汁 ) mixes with the nutriment shortly after it leaves the stomach.

　　We don't need to allow our foodstuffs to become oil soaked, but other than that, there seems to be no basis for the widely heralded prohibition against this method. But notions become fixed. The first condemnation probably rose because an "oracle" ( 圣賢) suffered from dyspepsia (消化不良) which he ascribed to some fried item on the menu. The theory spread. Others agreed with him, and after a time the doctrine became incorporated in our textbooks. The belief is now tradition rather than proved fact. It should have been refuted long since, as experience has demonstrated its falsity.

　　56. This passage focuses on__________.

　　A. why the skillet is a handy piece of kitchen equipment

　　B. the digestibility of fried foods

　　C. how the experts can mislead the public in the area of food preparation

　　D. why fried foods have long been frowned upon

　　57. People engaged in active labor eat fried foods because __________.

　　A. they are healthful

　　B. they are much cheaper

　　C. they can be easily digested

　　D. they can provide the calories the workers need

　　58. The author implies that the public should__________.

　　A. prepare some foods by frying

　　B. avoid fried foods if possible

　　C. fry foods for adults but not for children

　　D. prepare all foods by frying

　　59. When the author says that "an 'oracle' suffered from dyspepsia which he ascribed to some fried item on the menu" he is being__________.

　　A. grateful

　　B. factual

　　C. sarcastic

　　D. humorous

　　60. The passage was probably taken from__________.

　　A. a medical journal

　　B. a publication addressed to the general public

　　C. a speech at a medical convention

　　D. an advertisement for cooking oil

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

　　In the second half of the twentieth century, many countries of the South ( 發展中國家) began to send students to the industrialized countries for further education. They urgently needed supplies of highly trained personnel to implement a concept of development based on modernization.

　　But many of these students decided to stay on in the developed countries when they had finished their training. At the same time, many professionals who did return home but no longer felt at ease there also decided to go back to the countries where they had studied.

　　In the 1960s, some Latin American countries tried to solve this problem by setting up special "return" programs to encourage their professionals to come back home. These programs received support from international bodies such as the International Organization for Migration, which in 1974 enabled over 1,600 qualified scientistsand technicians to return to Latin America.

　　In the 1980s and 1990s, "temporary return" programs were set up in order to make the best use of trained personnel occupying strategic positions in the developed countries. This gave rise to the United Nations Development Program's Transfer of Knowledge through Expatriate ( 移居國外的 ) Nationals, which encourages technicians and scientists to work in their own countries for short periods. But the brain drain (人才流失) fromthese countries may well increase in response to the new laws of the international market in knowledge.

　　Recent studies forecast that the most developed countries are going to need more and more highly qualified professionals around twice as many as their educational systems will be able to produce, or so it is thought. As a result there is an urgent need for developing countries which send students abroad to give preference to fields where they need competent people to give muscle to their own institutions, instead of encouraging the training of people who may not come back because there are no professional outlets for them. And the countries of the South must not be content with institutional structures that simply take back professionals sent abroad, they must introduce flexible administrative procedures to encourage them to return. If they do not do this, the brain drain is bound to continue.

　　61. Which of the following is NOT correct according to the passage?

　　A. The developing countries believe that sending students to the industrialized countries is a good way to meet their own needs for modernization.

　　B. The South American countries have been sending students to developed countries since the 1920s.

　　C. Many people trained abroad remain in the developed countries instead of coming back to serve their home countries.

　　D. The International Organization for Migration successfully helped more than 1,600 professionals to return to their own countries in a single year.

　　62. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why the developing countries are losing their brain power?

　　A. Many professionals did not feel comfortable in their home countries after they returned home.

　　B. "Temporary return" programs encouraged professionals to work in their home countries for short periods.

　　C. The new laws of the international market encourage knowledge transfer.

　　D. The professionals from the developing countries have been trained in fields where they could not apply their knowledge to the best advantage in their home countries.

　　63. In the author's opinion, the developing countries should __________.

　　A. keep their present administrative procedures so as to ensure that their students return after graduation

　　B. cooperate more effectively with international organizations

　　C. set up more return programs under the guidance of the UN

　　D. send students abroad in the fields where their knowledge is more likely to be made full use of in their own countries

　　64. According to the passage, the problem of the developing countries will continue__________.

　　A. as long as the developed countries need more qualified professionals than they can educate domestically

　　B. as long as the developing countries are content with their present institutional structures

　　C. unless those countries stop sending large number of students to be trained abroad

　　D. if theh governments fail to make administrative adjustments concerning the return procedures of their professionals

　　65. The best title for the passage is__________.

　　A. The Brain Drain of the Developing Countries

　　B. Knowledge Transfer

　　C. The Talents from the Developing Countries

　　D. The Failure of Development Programs

　　【答案解析】

　　56.B

　　定位：根據題干信息this passage focuses on可知解答本題需通觀全文。

　　解析：整篇文章談論的主題是油炸食品是否易于消化。第一段提到：人們一直不喜歡油炸食品，因為據說這種食品不好消化，但科學家卻發現，經過油炸的食物更容易在消化道里分解。第二段提到：人們反對油炸食品，說其會引起消化不良，是因為這種說法已經成為傳統，但它卻并非被證明了的事實，而實踐已經證明了它的荒謬。綜上所述，這篇文章的主題就是me digestibility of tried foods。故選B。

　　57.D

　　定位：根據題干信息people engaged in active labor可將答案定位到第一段第三句。

　　解析：該句提到：“健壯的伐木工人以及其他從事體力勞動的人員，每天需要4000卡路里或者更多的熱量，他們吃的食物中約有三分之一是用這種煎鍋來烹飪的。”由此可知，從事體力勞動的人員需要吃油炸食物是因為這類食物能提供足夠的熱量。故選D。

　　58.A

　　定位：根據題干信息implies that the public should可將答案定位到第二段第一句。

　　解析：題干問作者對公眾烹飪食品有何建議，作者在第一段提到，據實驗證明，油炸食品非但不會導致消化不良，而且還比較容易消化。第二段開頭處又提到：“我們沒有必要讓我們的食品浸在油里，但與此相反，油炸食品這個方法被廣泛禁止好像也沒有什么依據。”可見，作者的觀點是人們是可以食用一些油炸食品的。故選A。

　　59.C

　　定位：根據題干信息an“oracle”suffered from dyspepsia which he ascribed to some fried item on the menu可將答案定位到第二段第二句。

　　解析：題干中的引文選自第二段中間處，作者提到：“人們最初對油炸食品的非難，可能源自某位。圣賢’，這位前輩偶爾消化不良就認定是吃了菜單上某些油炸食品的結果。于是他的這種論調傳播開來”作者的諷刺語氣躍然紙上。加之oracle本身就在引號里，更足以證明其諷刺性。故選C。

　　60.B

　　定位：根據題于信息taken from可知解答本題需通觀全文。

　　解析：題干問這篇文章的出處。從文章內容和風格來看，應該是節選自一本大眾科普讀物，它既不像醫學雜志、會議發言文章那樣嚴謹，也不像廣告那樣以產品為核心。因此正確答案為B項。

　　【答案解析】

　　61.B

　　定位：根據題干信息NOT correct可知解答本題需通觀全文，對細節信息一一進行判斷。

　　解析：文章第一段提到：“20世紀下半葉，許多發展中國家開始將本國學生送往發達的工業國家深造。

　　這些發展中國家迫切需要受過高級培訓的人才來推進基于現代化的發展理念。”選項B卻意為“從20世紀20年代起，南美國家就開始向發達國家派遣留學生”，時間以及動作的發出者均不正確，因此本題選B。其他三項在文章的前三段均可以找到依據。

　　62.B

　　定位：根據題干信息NOT one ofthe reasons,losing their brain power可知解答本題需通觀全文。

　　解析：第二段提到有很多專業人才回到祖國，但是卻感覺不像以前那樣自在，最后還是決定回到當初留學的國家，因此A正確;第四段段末提到，隨著國際市場推出新的知識法律，發展中國家的人才流失情況很可能進一步加劇，因此C項也正確;最后一段第二句提到，一旦在國內沒有用武之地，這些留學生學成之后可能就不回國了，對應D項。這些都是導致發展中國家人才流失的原因。用排除法可知本題答案為B項。該項所提及的“短期回國”項目是發展中國家為吸引人才回國采取的策略，而非人才流失的原因。

　　63.D

　　定位：根據題干信息the author's opinion可將答案定位到最后一段，只有在該段中作者才給出了自己的觀點。

　　解析：作者在最后一段第二句中提到：“因此，發展中國家迫切需要根據本國缺乏人才的領域外派留學生，從而使其能夠為本國機構出力;而不是盲目鼓勵留學深造，一旦在國內沒有用武之地，這些留學生學成之后可能就不回國了。”這與選項D所表達的意思相同。

　　64.D

　　定位：根據題干信息the problem…will continue可將答案定位到最后一段末尾處。

　　解析：文章最后提到：“發展中國家不應單純依靠體制結構召回外派專業人才;它們必須引進靈活的管理機制，鼓勵人才回國。如果它們不這么做，人才流失的現狀還將繼續。”綜合考慮，D項中的make administrative adjustments concerning the return procedures of their professionals與文中表述接近，為if正確答案。

　　65.A

　　定位：根據題干信息best title可知解答苓題需通觀全文。

　　解析：四個選項分別為：發展中國家的人才流失、知識轉移、來自發展中國家的人才、發展項目的失敗。

　　整篇文章的內容都圍繞著發展中國家人才流失的問題展開，因此A項是概括文章主旨的最佳選擇。