Different people __4__ with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page, others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is __5__ in the text. The latter represents __6__ levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced readers.

　　There is another conversation which from our point of view is __7__ important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a “process” conversation as __8__ to a “content” conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the __9__ we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our ability to hold a process conversation with a text is usually pretty well __10__. Not so our ability to hold a content conversation.

　　[A] opposed

　　[B] converse

　　[C] equally

　　[D] written

　　[E] developed

　　[F] strategies

　　[G] compared

　　[H] awake

　　[I] higher

　　[J] expectations

　　[K] deal

　　[L] absolutely

　　[M] aware

　　[N] better

　　[O]further

　　參考答案：

　　1. O

　　2. M

　　3. J

　　4. B

　　5. D

　　6. I

　　7. C

　　8. A

　　9. F

　　10.E

　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive(認識派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.

　　The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

　　“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.

　　In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

　　[A] mental

　　[B] promise

　　[C] kill

　　[D] avoid

　　[E] hope

　　[F] especially

　　[G] aid

　　[H] ordinary

　　[I] approval

　　[J] monetary

　　[K] generally

　　[L] improve

　　[M] challenging

　　[N]restore

　　[O] excellent

　　參考答案：

　　1. L

　　2. I

　　3. F

　　4. J

　　5. G

　　6. M

　　7. C

　　8. H

　　9. N

　　10. B

　　As war spreads to many corners of the globe, children sadly have been drawn into the center of conflicts. In Afghanistan, Bosnia, and Colombia, however, groups of children have been taking part in peace education __1__. The children, after learning to resolve conflicts, took on the __2__ of peacemakers. The Children's Movement for Peace in Colombia was even nominated(提名) for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1998. groups of children __3__ as peacemakers studied human rights and poverty issues in

　　Colombia, eventually forming a group with five other schools in Bogota known as The Schools of Peace.

　　The classroom __4__ opportunities for children to replace angry, violent behaviors with __5__, peaceful ones. It is in the classroom that caring and respect for each person empowers children to take a step __6__toward becoming peacemakers.

　　Fortunately, educators have access to many online resources that are __7__ useful when helping children along the path to peace. The Young Peacemakers Club, started in 1992, provides a Website with resources for teachers and __8__ on starting a Kindness Campaign. The World Centers of Compassion for Children International call attention to children's rights and how to help the __9__ of war. Starting a Peacemakers' Club is a praiseworthy venture for a class and one that could spread to other classrooms and ideally affect the culture of the __10__ school.

　　[A] victims

　　[B] technology

　　[C] role

　　[D] respectively

　　[E] projects

　　[F] offers

　　[G] information

　　[H] images

　　[I] forward

　　[J] especially

　　[K] entire

　　[L] cooperative

　　[M] comprehensive

　　[N] assuming

　　[O] acting

　　參考答案：

　　1. E

　　2. C

　　3. O

　　4. F

　　5. L

　　6. I

　　7. J

　　8. G

　　9. A

　　10.K